Recruitment in emg. Sep 1, 2019 · Recruitment has been until now interpreted semi-quantitatively since no automated methods have been developed due to lack of an accepted definition of signals to be included in analysis. The recruitment threshold of high threshold MUs is reduced during sustained, fatiguing contractions (1), and the subsequent recruitment of these MUs assists in the maintenance force production. , 1981), firing at shorter MUP intervals, producing a full interference pattern at less than The timing for ordering an EMG study One of the most common myths about EMG tests is that one must wait 2–3 weeks following a nerve injury before reliable information can be obtained. What is the Purpose of an EMG Test? EDX tests include two tests (NCV and EMG) to diagnose conditions related to muscle disorders, nerve damage, motor neuron diseases, peripheral nerve damage, and spinal cord damage. 9 Neurophysiologic testing is an extension of the targeted history and physical examination, rather than a replacement for it. Although EMG amplitude is influenced by MU recruitment, MU recruitment cannot be inferred from changes in surface EMG amplitude. Jan 28, 2025 · Electromyography (EMG) is a cornerstone diagnostic tool in physiatry, providing invaluable insights into the functional status of muscles and nerves. Jan 28, 2021 · Experimental studies and EMG collections suggest that a specific strategy of muscle coordination is chosen by the central nervous system to perform a given motor task. Since the EMG signal detected on the surface of the skin directly reflects the recruitment and firing characteristics of the detected motor units within an area, EMG activity can be used to study the neuromuscular activation of muscles within postural tasks The use of nerve conduction studies (NCS) started with the work of Galvani who performed studies on frogs and observed twitching of the muscles with electrical stimulation. The goal is to identify the recruitment pattern by measuring the firing rate of the first few recruited MUAPs. It explains what to look for at rest, with minimal/maximal contractions, and different abnormal findings including fibrillation potentials and complex Sep 25, 2020 · Adaptive variability during walking is typical of child motor development. EMG and nerve conduction studies are essential diagnostics for neuromuscular disorders, assessing nerve and muscle function to aid diagnosis and management. Abstract We used turns-amplitude analysis to characterize the EMG recruitment pattern disregarding force measurement. Analysis of motor unit action potential (MUAP) morphology and recruitment pattern is the key element of needle EMG that helps establish the diagnosis of a myopathy. Optimization-based methods minimize or maximize some criterion (objective function or cost function) which reflects the mechanism used Needle EMG of distal muscles may also show spontaneous activity, but with motor unit potentials that are large amplitude, long duration, and polyphasic, with neuropathic recruitment patterns, indicating chronic denervation. Assessment is made at different levels of innervation—minimal muscle contraction to determine the onset and recruitment firing rates (ie, recruitment pattern); maximal voluntary contraction to provide Nov 16, 2020 · Recently, the innovation of high-density EMG (HD-EMG) recording the EMG signals in a wide area with dense electrodes of 2D arrays, has the potential to provide spatial features in addition to temporal features of muscle activity to study the neuromuscular function (Rojas-Martínez et al. It’s one form of electrodiagnostic testing. This article reviews five real cases with common reasons for referral to the Aug 1, 2001 · The EMG interference pattern, built up of single motor unit action potentials, may be analyzed subjectively, or objectively by computer aided, quantitative methods, like counting of zero-crossings, counting of spikes, amplitude measurements, integration of the area under the curve, decomposition techniques, power spectrum analysis and turn/amplitude analysis. Electromyography is often used to infer the pattern of production of force by skeletal muscles. Surface EMG Surface EMG is a non-invasive, easy-to-use method of measuring the electrical activity of a muscle. The present work is designed to assess the adaptive variability of muscular recruitment during hemiplegic walking and to detect possible changes compared to control populations. Signals recorded at low force were visually decomposed to study MU FR at onset, recruitment of a second MU, and recruitment of more MUs with further increases in force. Abstract Objective: To define reference values for motor unit (MU) recruitment during needle EMG of six commonly examined muscles at low to moderate contraction. It discusses preparing the patient, electrode placement, different muscle contraction techniques, and Johnson's 5 steps for needle examination. Different types of spontaneously firing waveforms and motor unit potential changes occur with different neuromuscular disorders. Apr 1, 2009 · The purpose of this study was to generate a series of simulated surface EMG signals using a model of a muscle activated with different recruitment strategies and incorporating the volume conductor effects associated with sEMG. (2024, January 9). In the early 19th century, Fransois Magendie differentiated the anterior and posterior spinal nerve roots in dogs and noticed that electrical stimulation of the former caused movement, while stimulation of the latter EMG burst durations, distributions and muscle recruitment orders may identify and classify myoclonus to cortical, subcortical or spinal origins and help in the diagnosis of functional myoclonus. In a process similar to the analysis of spontaneous activity, MUAPs must be assessed for morphology (duration, amplitude, phases), stability, and firing Aug 30, 2021 · Needle electromyography (EMG) waveforms recorded during needle EMG help to define the type, temporal course, and severity of a neuromuscular disorder. Force gradation can also be accomplished by altering the frequency of action potentials. The voluntary activity in the EMG in this initial period demonstrates a decrease in recruitment of normal appearing MUPs, roughly reflecting the severity of the lesion. A popular mathematical approach for solving the muscle recruitment problem is optimization. An individual's long-term neuromuscular adaptation can be measured through time-domain analyses of surface electromyograms (EMG) in regular resistance-based training. density of motor units (recruitment pattern) - during maximal volitional activity. At minimal levels of muscle contraction (innervation), muscle force is graded by changes in firing rate (rate coding) of individual motoneurons (MNs). In the attempt of limiting the complexity of Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies are diagnostic tests to evaluate muscle and nerve function, helping diagnose neurologic disorders. Conventional analysis is extended to the order of recruitment pattern, and relates the new electrophysiological features to current data about anatomical reorganization o … There are few accepted “normative” values for EMG/NCS. Beginning with a single, repeating motor unit (first recruited) and then viewing the second unit to activate. , 1975, Petajan, 1974, Halonen et al. It provides evidence that an EMG recording shows a firing rate of about 30 Hz, indicating a neurogenic disorder. This helps your doctor know Motor unit recruitment is a measure of how many motor neurons are activated in a particular muscle, and therefore is a measure of how many muscle fibers of that muscle are activated. Wikimedia Commons. " The recruitment frequency is decreased. Distinguishing a high grade axonotmetic injury from a neurotmetic injury can be challenging on EMG and nerve studies, as the objective findings can be identical. Jun 2, 2021 · The only abnormality seen on EMG in an acute neuropathic lesion is a decreased recruitment pattern in weak muscles, due to loss of motor units. At higher … The activity pattern of low-threshold human trapezius motor units was examined in response to brief, voluntary increases in contraction amplitude (‘EMG pulse’) superimposed on a constant contraction at 4–7% of the surface electromyographic (EMG) Nov 14, 2024 · The guide below discusses why EMG tests are performed, how they can help determine muscle weakness, and what the results may mean. For physiatrists, mastering EMG techniques and interpretation is essential to diagnose neuromuscular disorders effectively and guide treatment plans. This document discusses electromyography (EMG) firing rate. [3] May 4, 2018 · Estimating muscle force by surface electromyography (sEMG) is a non-invasive and flexible way to diagnose biomechanical diseases and control assistive device Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the source of the signals that are deteced by EMG electrodes?, What is electromyography?, What is a motor unit? and more. The goal is to identify the recruitment pattern by measuring the firing rate The goal when evaluating a patient with a neuropathy is to place them into one of these four categories, based on the history and physical examination, and then to use the EMG/NCS to confirm the clinical suspicion. This document provides information about performing and interpreting needle electromyography (EMG). Either concentric or monopolar needles can be used. Recognize pathological findings on needle EMG. The higher the recruitment the stronger the muscle contraction will be. 7 The amplitude range of an EMG signal is 0-10 mV (-5 to +5) before amplification. With increasing effort, the firing frequency of individual motor units increases and progressively more and larger units are activated. EXPERIMENTAL OBJECTIVES To record maximum clench strength for right and left hands. Although the beneficial effects of EMS are widely accepted, discrepancies concerning the specific responses to EMS versus Neurophysiologic Testing Neurophysiologic testing, including the rational use of nerve conduction testing, EMG, and in selected patients quantitative sensory testing, is invaluable in the evaluation of a patient suspected to have peripheral neuropathy. Slow motor units contain fewer fibers and fast motor units contain more fibers. It can, by determining the distribution of neurogenic abnormalities, differentiate Apr 1, 2019 · Concentric needle EMG studies in myopathies reveal motor unit (MU) action potentials (MUPs) of increased complexity, shortened duration and reduced amplitude (Fuglsang-Frederiksen, 2006). What does an electromyography measure?, Define motor unit recruitment. , What does the changes in amplitude/voltage on an EMG indicate? How does it relate to motor unit recruitment and force of muscle contraction? and more. Particularly, we show that the rate of EMG amplitude increase (motor recruitment) is dependent on the training modality of an individual. There will be no motor unit recruitment on EMG. This video is all about muscle recruitment, Henneman's size principle, and Interference Patterns on EMG with me as the example! Oct 24, 2017 · The surface interference EMG signal provides some information on the neural drive to muscles. We tested the hypothesis that strategies recruiting predominantly higher-threshold motor units, with faster conduction velocities for their MUAPs, would generate higher Browse 36 PENNSYLVANIA EMG jobs from companies (hiring now) with openings. Automatic recruitment analysis methods are evolving in commercial EMG equipment. Most past research was Mar 3, 2015 · 15 Basic Electromyography Analysis of Motor Unit Action Potentials After assessment of insertional and spontaneous activity, the needle electromyography (EMG) examination moves on to the evaluation of motor unit action potentials (MUAPs). However, the association between neural drive to muscle and muscle activation has long been debated with controversial indications due to the unavailability of motor unit population data. It has been reported that neurological disorders could affect this physiological phenomenon. The performance of reliable EMG studies depends on the Perform motor unit analysis during EMG testing - correctly identify motor unit amplitude, duration, morphology, and frequency. This blog post explores the fundamentals of EMG, practical tips for accurate diagnostics, and On an EMG, this incremental increase in MUPs appears as decreased recruitment (mild to severe) of fewer MUPs, and the MUPs that are present will fire faster. Jun 3, 2019 · motor unit form (individual action potentials - amplitude, duration, number of phases) - during minimal volitional activity. The interpretation of muscle function from the electromyogram (EMG) is challenged by the fact that factors such as type of muscle fiber, muscle length, Muscle fiber recruitment is preceded by an electrical activation of resting motor units, and the sum of change in the electrical activity across the multiple muscle fiber membranes in contact with the electrodes can be detected, measured, and evaluated using electromyography (EMG). First, the motor-unit action potentials (MUAPs) are detected by high-pass filtering the signal and detecting all the spikes that exceed a threshold. Apr 14, 2025 · The next section of this article discusses the physiology of motor unit recruitment in detail. The equipment includes an EMG machine, needle, cables, and electrodes. To estimate muscle force using sEMG, a supervised method is . During slight increase in strength, the EMG is recorded with slow sweep speed in raster mode, usually 200 msec per trace displayed on 10-20 traces. Nov 24, 2020 · In Part Two, I will cover principles of needle electromyography (EMG), specific diseases and injuries that relate to hand therapy, and how EMG/NCS findings relate to outcomes for certain injuries and surgeries of the upper extremities. In this study, we clarify the potential and limitations of interference EMG analysis to infer motor unit Apr 1, 2005 · Abstract Electromyostimulation (EMS) incorporates the use of electrical current to activate skeletal muscle and facilitate contraction. To meet increased functional demand, more motor units are recruited in a stepwise manner. Jan 5, 2024 · Needle EMG in myopathy typically demonstrates early recruitment of short-duration, low-amplitude, complex motor-unit potentials (MUPs) and fibrillation potentials. , 2012). Aug 3, 2020 · Your doctor may recommend an EMG (electromyogram) to diagnose the cause of symptoms, such as muscle weakness and nerve problems. Today’s top 1,000+ Emg jobs in United States. This article discusses 10 representative case vignettes that may be encoun-tered during a day in the EMG laboratory, which demonstrate Electromyography and Nerve conduction study (EMG/NCS) is an extremely useful test in determining the localization (anatomic and nerve fiber type), pathophysiology (axonal or demyelinating), acuity, and severity of neuropathies. Six healthy human subjects of comparable age (21 ± 0. The recruitment of additional MUs leads to the activation of more muscle fibres and, as a result, muscle contraction becomes gradually stronger. Through recording the electrical signals generated from muscle fibers, needle EMG can provide complementary information to nerve conduction studies to help localize a disorder and characterize the underlying pathologic changes that are occurring in motor units within muscles. Would you like to be a part of EMG Motor unit recruitment is a measure of how many motor neurons are activated in a particular muscle, and therefore is a measure of how many muscle fibers of that muscle are activated. The perceived changes in recruitment, such as those measured during muscle Estimating muscle force by surface electromyography (sEMG) is a non-invasive and flexible way to diagnose biomechanical diseases and control assistive devices such as prosthetic hands. A popular mathematical approach for solving the muscle recruitment problem is Oct 3, 2019 · Abstract Electromyography (EMG) assesses the anatomic motor unit (A-MU), but knowledge of its anatomy, physiology, and changes with pathology is limited. Review basic motor unit recruitment Q&A Session – practice identifying EMG waveforms and videos. Find job postings near you and 1-click apply to your next opportunity! Jan 16, 2025 · Raw EMG spikes are of random shape. It can detect abnormalities such as chronic denervation or fasciculations in clinically normal muscle. We have addressed this subject by recording motor unit potentials (MUPs) using a standard concentric needle electrode in tibialis anterior muscles of clinically normal strength in a group of patients with myopathy (15 with myositis and 4 with faciosc … Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Define electromyography (EMG). Subsequent sections look at ways of examining recruitment during an electromyography (EMG) study. 484 Emg jobs available on Indeed. Axonal neuropathies typically demonstrate decreased amplitude action potentials on NCS and neurogenic motor units on EMG. Needle ex… Sep 6, 2021 · The electromyographic interference pattern (EMG-IP) contains information about the number, firing rate, and recruitment characteristics of motor units, and information regarding the waveforms of the recruited motor units. Muscle and nerve diseases produce characteristic changes in the IP that can be … In this report a new technique of recording, employed for the first time in routine clinical electromyography (EMG) is described. Apr 14, 2025 · An essential part of an EMG study is the assessment of motor unit recruitment at low levels of muscle contraction. A successful EMG requires knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and technique. To observe, record, and correlate motor unit recruitment with increased power of skeletal muscle contraction Optional: To listen to EMG “sounds” and correlate sound intensity with motor unit recruitment. It does this by measuring the electrical activity in the muscle at rest, with a slight contraction, and with a forceful contraction. The data collection is paused, and the EMG section is analyzed, according to the following simple schematic protocol for recruitment analysis. Aug 30, 2021 · Many neuromuscular complaints are evaluated with electrodiagnostic testing. com. In practice, physicians must plan the electrodiagnostic study to provide the most useful information addressing patients’ symptoms. Leverage your professional network, and get hired. Their stochastic nature results from asynchronous motor unit activation, yet patterns emerge based on contraction intensity and neuromuscular control. This helps your doctor know The results indicate that bursts of activity in the surface EMG during a constant-force contraction correspond to the transient recruitment of higher-threshold motor units in healthy individuals, and these results could assist in the diagnosis and design of treatment in individuals who demonstrate deficits in motor unit activation. These two mechanisms exist in different proportion depending on the muscle (20). It can distinguish myopathic from neurogenic muscle wasting and weakness. This innovative, easy to use, training tool by Dr. EMG involves detecting and recording electrical signals from muscle contractions. The possibility of investigating CNS control strategies by surface electromyogram (EMG) signal analysis was addressed in past works with contradictory results. In addition, there is greater recruitment of MUs at low effort (Dietz et al. Here, we seek candidates with the necessary expertise and qualities to continue our mission of imparting knowledge, offering attractive benefits and high advancement opportunities. In most EMG Education is one of the largest private educational organizations in Vietnam, with a mission to provide learners with the tools they need to succeed on the international stage. [7] The observed signal is influenced by the recruitment of the motor units and their firing frequency, as shown in Figure 2. This article reviews the significance of spontaneous EMG waveforms and changes in voluntary motor unit potentials in neuromuscular disorders. Aug 29, 2011 · Importantly, a key measure in all these experiments has been the central motor drive, namely muscle recruitment, which is directly assessed via EMG activity. Needle electromyography (EMG) is a major component of a standard electrodiag-nostic examination. Jan 3, 2012 · Needle electromyography (EMG) records electrical signals generated from muscle fibers and interprets the signals to characterize underlying pathologic changes that are occurring in motor units within muscles. Then the number of motor units, the mean number of spikes per MUAP, and the mean firing rate are Interactive Product: EMG Recruitment Trainer Description MUP recruitment is an important parameter to determine during routine EMG, but assessment of recruitment is one of the more difficult skills to learn. May 22, 2013 · The recruitment of only one MU leads to a weak muscle contraction. It is commonly used in clinical settings to mimic voluntary contractions and enhance the rehabilitation of human skeletal muscles. Note the The generally greater values for the maximal recruitment threshold are likely because of the fact that the new EMG signal decomposition technology allows for the observation of a greater number of concurrently active motor units. In the months following an acute injury, there will be spontaneous activity during the rest phase of the EMG. 2,5 Figure 2: Electromyogram. Devon Rubin focuses entirely on understanding and mastering MUP Recruitment assessment. We present a method for estimating the number of active motor units and the mean motor-unit firing rate for an intramuscularly recorded EMG signal. EMG requires patient cooperation for full relaxation and maximal voluntary muscle contraction – EMG is less useful in pediatrics. The approach to each study must be individualized based on the symptoms and findings of each previous result. Since the shape of the This position is kept throughout the study. State normal and abnormal values for motor unit amplitude, duration, and firing frequency Discuss and demonstrate the four testing conditions during EMG exam Identify end-plate noise/end-plate spikes during an Methods: Concentric needle electromyography (EMG) recordings were made in normal muscle and abnormal muscle of patients with neurogenic findings. Organic and functional cervical dystonia can potentially be distinguished by EMG power spectral analysis. Jan 25, 2012 · Needle electromyography (EMG) is an established method of evaluating motor unit and muscle fibre function and pathology in clinical practice, while the development of advanced techniques including single-fibre EMG and combined recordings with other modalities have become increasingly useful in research. Introduction Electromyography (EMG) is an experimental technique concerned with the recording and analysis of myoelectric signals. May 10, 2024 · To define reference values for motor unit (MU) recruitment during needle EMG of six commonly examined muscles at low to moderate contraction. Axonal Neuropathy: drop in amplitude Demyelinating Neuropathy: slowing of conduction velocity Myopathic units: early recruitment of small, polyphasic units Neuropathic units: reduced recruitment or large units Electromyography (EMG), the recording of electrical activity in muscle, should be regarded as an extension of the clinical examination. Nov 7, 2022 · We measure EMG of endurance and hypertrophy-based resistance exercises of healthy participants over 100 days to identify trends in long-term neuromuscular adaptation. Therefore, the investigation of EMG events holds a critical role in understanding humans’ ability to cope with physical challenges. Any test must give “normal” values. Jan 1, 2002 · central nervous system (CNS) controls muscle force by motor unit (MU) recruitment and MU firing rate modulation (rate coding). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like what is an EMG?, what does an EMG measure?, what is motor unit recruitment? and more. By providing important clues on location, chronicity, severity, and pathophysiology, it can help to establish a diagnosis, evaluate the need for surgery, and assess Other articles in this issue have reviewed basic concepts of nerve conduction studies (NCSs) and needle electromyography (EMG), and have detailed the electrodiagnostic features and approaches that are used to evaluate different types of neuromuscular disorders. When nearly all motor units are recruited, increase in firing frequency becomes the predominating mechanism This video shows an unstable motor units potentials with long duration, high amplitude, polyphasic morphology and reduced recruitment. Using MU decomposition techniques, MU action potential amplitudes and recruitment thresholds were derived for simultaneously activated Motor Unit Recruitment may be defined as "the successive activation of the same and additional motor units with increasing strength of voluntary muscle contraction" the central nervous system can increase the strength of muscle contraction by increasing the number of active motor units. The recruitment pattern is decreased. The electrophysiological motor unit (E-MU) Aug 1, 2010 · We used surface EMG signal decomposition technology to study the control properties of numerous simultaneously active motor units. Motor unit recruitment is abnormal in myopathies. Jul 29, 2025 · An essential part of an EMG study is the assessment of motor unit recruitment at low levels of muscle contraction. In the chronic stages, reinnervation follows with enlargement of the motor unit size, increased number of phases, and duration. The development of quantitative EMG in particular had led to greater reproducibility and Aug 1, 2023 · Good afternoon, Got the following test results from EMG, I was 100% my issues were spine related as some of my MRIs showed pinched nerves on lumber and Thoracic spines. An EMG is a nerve conduction study that evaluates a muscle’s response to the nerve that controls it. Vietnam teaching jobs at EMG Education! Teach, explore, and inspire with one of Vietnam’s top private education organizations. png. 63 yr) and physical fitness were recruited to perform isometric contractions of the vastus lateralis (VL), first dorsal interosseous (FDI), and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles at the 20, 50, 80, and 100% maximum Aug 16, 2024 · EMG of the muscles supplied by the affected nerve shows decreased recruitment followed temporally by the appearance of spontaneous activity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential and limitations of spectral analysis of the surface EMG signal as a technique for the investigation of muscle force control. It is true that the degree of muscle denervation that occurs after nerve injury can not be determined until Wallerian degeneration is complete and this can take as short as 1 week or as long as 4 weeks [1 Approach Using an advanced EMG sensor array, we recorded sEMG during isometric contractions of the first dorsal interosseous muscle over a range of contraction levels, from 20% to 60% of maximum, in both paretic and contralateral muscles of stroke survivors. Motor unit recruitment is the process by which different motor units are activated to produce a given level and type of muscle contraction. From: The Athletic Horse (Second Edition), 2014 Jul 1, 2005 · Recruitment patterns during maximal voluntary contraction of the deltoid muscle in (A) a healthy subject, (B) a patient with spinal muscular atrophy, and (C) a patient with polymyositis. The acute neuropathic pattern associated with axonal loss characteristically occurs in the first several weeks following trauma, compression, or nerve infarction. Motor Unit Potential (MUP) recruitment is seen here. Different types and Feb 27, 2024 · Apply for the Teacher Recruitment Specialist-cum-Teacher position! Don't hesitate to explore more about teaching jobs in Ho Chi Minh City. Thanks, Summary The right median Feb 10, 2023 · What is an EMG (electromyography)? Electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic test that evaluates the health and function of your skeletal muscles and the nerves that control them. Higher firing rates can indicate disorders while lower rates can relate to reduced muscle recruitment. 1. Real EMG sample videos to practice for training and exams. My family and I are nervous as you can understand but not sure if any one can provide any feedback or have experience similar test results with good or bad outcomes, any information would help. New Emg jobs added daily. Apply now! Initially NCS will be normal but recruitment will be impaired (not necessarily demyelinating, just not completed Wallerian degeneration) Begin to see motor unit polyphasia and duration changes in 4-6 weeks Begin to see motor unit amplitude changes in 3 months Nov 1, 2020 · Electrodiagnostic testing, consisting of nerve conduction studies and needle electrode examination, serves as an extension of a neurologic examination for evaluating a variety of focal and generalized neuromuscular conditions. The electrical muscle pattern of the brachial biceps (BB), abductor pollicis br Apr 29, 2025 · EMG signals exhibit variability in amplitude, frequency, and temporal structure due to motor unit recruitment, firing rates, and muscle fiber properties. Accurate interpretation of EMG waveforms is a critical component of an electrodiagnostic examination. Normal EMG firing rates typically range from 10-20 Hz. These considerations suggest that the power spectral density of the surface detected electromyogram (EMG) signal may give indications about the MU recruitment process. From fasciculations to fibrillations, these are some of the highest yield findings! Experimental studies and EMG collections suggest that a specific strategy of muscle coordination is chosen by the central nervous system to perform a given motor task. Apply to Emergency Medical Technician, Emg Technician, Neurodiagnostic Technologist and more! Jan 1, 2024 · The EMG signal detected during voluntary or electrically elicited contractions is comprised of the linear summation of MUAPs from all active motor units lying within the electrode pick-up volume. A typical EMG examines insertional activity, spontaneous activity at rest, and motor unit action potentials Be able to describe characteristics of different needle EMG waveforms Recognize normal physiological findings on needle EMG. This recruitment pattern in myopathic conditions is called "early recruitment" or "increased recruitment. fdxzwz kgj fpl eqokp diqtx olb znezug jypux sytxnjzuh ixe